Arduino-Syntax

Arduino syntax is based on C/C++ programming languages. Here are the basics to help you get started with writing Arduino code (also known as sketches):

Basic Structure of an Arduino Sketch

An Arduino sketch typically consists of two main functions: setup() and loop().

cpp
void setup() {
    // Initialization code runs once
  }
  
  void loop() {
    // Main code runs repeatedly
  }

setup(): This function runs once when the board is powered on or reset. It is used to initialize variables, pin modes, start using libraries, etc.
loop(): After the setup() function, the loop() function runs repeatedly in a loop. This is where the main logic of the program goes.

Basic Commands

Digital I/O

pinMode(pin, mode): Sets the mode of a specified pin (INPUT, OUTPUT, or INPUT_PULLUP).
```
cpp
pinMode(13, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(2, INPUT);
  
```
digitalWrite(pin, value): Sets the specified digital pin to HIGH or LOW.
```
cpp
digitalWrite(13, HIGH);
  digitalWrite(13, LOW);
  
```
digitalRead(pin): Reads the value from a specified digital pin (returns HIGH or LOW).
```
cpp
int buttonState = digitalRead(2);
  
```

Analog I/O

analogRead(pin): Reads the value from a specified analog pin (returns a value between 0 and 1023).
```
cpp
int sensorValue = analogRead(A0);
  
```
analogWrite(pin, value): Writes an analog value (PWM wave) to a specified pin (value between 0 and 255).
```
cpp>
analogWrite(9, 128);
  
```

Timing

delay(ms): Pauses the program for the amount of time (in milliseconds) specified as parameter.
```
cpp
delay(1000); // Wait for 1 second
  
```
millis(): Returns the number of milliseconds since the Arduino board began running the current program.
```
cpp
unsigned long currentTime = millis();
  
```

Control Structures

If Statement

cpp
if (condition) {
    // Code to execute if the condition is true
  } else {
    // Code to execute if the condition is false
  }

For Loop

cpp
for (initialization; condition; increment) {
    // Code to execute in the loop
  }

While Loop

cpp
while (condition) {
    // Code to execute while the condition is true
  }

Do-While Loop

cpp
do {
    // Code to execute
  } while (condition);

Functions

You can define your own functions to encapsulate and reuse code.

cpp
void myFunction() {
    // Code for the function
  }
  
  int add(int a, int b) {
    return a + b;
  }

Example Sketch

Here's an example that combines several of these elements to blink an LED when a button is pressed.

cpp
const int ledPin = 13;
  const int buttonPin = 2;
  int buttonState = 0;
  
  void setup() {
    pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);
    pinMode(buttonPin, INPUT);
  }
  
  void loop() {
    buttonState = digitalRead(buttonPin);
  
    if (buttonState == HIGH) {
      digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH);
    } else {
      digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW);
    }
  }

Libraries

Arduino has many built-in and third-party libraries to extend its functionality. To use a library, include it at the beginning of your sketch.

cpp
#include  // Include the Servo library
  
  Servo myServo; // Create a servo object
  
  void setup() {
    myServo.attach(9); // Attach the servo to pin 9
  }
  
  void loop() {
    myServo.write(90); // Set the servo to 90 degrees
    delay(1000);
    myServo.write(0); // Set the servo to 0 degrees
    delay(1000);
  }

Common Libraries

Servo: Controls servo motors.
Wire: Used for I2C communication.
SPI: Used for SPI communication.
SoftwareSerial: Allows serial communication on other digital pins.

To summarize, Arduino syntax is straightforward if you're familiar with C/C++. It provides a wide range of functions and libraries to control hardware and create interactive projects. The combination of setup() and loop(), along with simple functions for I/O, timing, and control structures, makes it easy to get started and build complex applications.

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